1945 Churchill Statement on A-Bomb

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STATEMENT BY PRIME MINISTER ATTLEE AND
FORMER PRIME MINISTER CHURCHILL ON THE ATOMIC BOMB

August 6, 1945 (New York Times)

Mr. Attlee's Introduction
Everybody will have seen the important statements which have been made by President Truman and by Mr. Stimson, the United States Secretary for War, about the atomic bomb. The problems of the release of energy by atomic fission have been solved and an atomic bomb has been dropped on Japan by the United States Army Air Force.

President Truman and Mr. Stimson have described in their statements the nature and vast implications of this new discovery. Some account is now required of the part which this country has played in the remarkable scientific advances which have now come to fruition. Before the change of Government, Mr. Churchill had prepared the statement which follows, and I am now issuing it in the form in which he wrote it.

Mr. Churchill's Statement
By the year 1939 it had become widely recognized among scientists of many nations that the release of energy by atomic fission was a possibility. The problems which remained to be solved before this possibility could be turned into practical achievement were, however, manifold and immense, and few scientists would at that time have ventured to predict that an atomic bomb could be ready for use by 1945.

Nevertheless, the potentialities of the project were so great that His Majesty's Government thought it right that research should be carried on, in spite of the many competing claims on our scientific manpower. At this stage the research was carried out mainly in our universities, principally Oxford, Cambridge, London (Imperial College), Liverpool and Birmingham.

At the time of the formation of the coalition Government, responsibility for coordinating the work and pressing it forward lay in the Ministry of Aircraft Production, advised by a committee of leading scientists presided over by Sir George Thomson.

At the same time, under the general arrangements then in force for the pooling of scientific information, there was a full interchange of ideas between the scientists carrying out this work in the United Kingdom and those in the United States.

Such progress was made that by the summer of 1941, Sir George Thomson's committee was able to report that in their view there was reasonable chance that an atomic bomb could be produced before the end of the war.

At the end of August, 1941, Lord Cherwell, whose duty it was to keep me informed on all these and other technical developments, reported that substantial progress was being made. The general responsibility for the scientific research carried on under the various technical committees lay with the then Lord President of the Council, Sir John Anderson.

In these circumstances, having in mind also the effect of ordinary high explosive, which we had recently experienced, I referred the matter on Aug. 30, 1941, to the chiefs of staff committee in the following minutes:

"General [Sir Hastings] Ismay, for chiefs of staff committee.

"Although personally I am quite content with the existing explosives, I feel we must not stand in the path of improvement and I therefore think that action should be taken in the sense proposed by Lord Cherwell and that the Cabinet Minister responsible should be Sir John Anderson.

"I shall be glad to know what the chiefs of the staff committee think."

The chiefs of the staff recommended immediate action with the maximum priority.

It was then decided to set up, within the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a special division to direct the work, and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., agreed to release W. A. Akers to take charge of this directorate which we called, for purposes of secrecy, the Directorate of Crude Alloys. After Sir John Anderson had ceased to be Lord President and became Chancellor of the Exchequer, I asked him to continue to supervise this work, for which he has special qualifications.

To advise him there was set up under his chairmanship a consultative council composed of the President of the Royal Society, the chairman of the scientific advisory committee of the Cabinet, the Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and Lord Cherwell.

The Minister of Aircraft Production at that time, Lord Brabazon, also served on this committee under the chairmanship of Mr. Akers.

There was also a technical committee on which sat the scientists who were directing the different sections of the work and some others. This committee was originally composed of Sir James CHADWICK, Professor [Rudolf] Peierls and Drs. Halban, [Franz Eugen] Simon and [E.] Slade. Later it was joined by Sir Charles Darwin and Professors [John D.] Cockcroft, [Marcus L. E.] Oliphant and [N.] Feather.

Full use was also made of university and industrial laboratories.

On Oct. 11, 1941, President Roosevelt sent me a letter suggesting that any extended efforts on this important matter might usefully be coordinated or even jointly conducted. Accordingly, all British and American efforts were joined, and a number of British scientists concerned proceeded to the United States. Apart from these contacts, complete secrecy guarded all these activities, and no single person was informed whose work was not indispensable to progress.

By the summer of 1942 this expanded program of research had confirmed with surer and broader foundations the promising forecasts which had been made a year earlier, and the time had come when a decision must be made whether or not to proceed with the construction of large-scale production plants.

Meanwhile, it had become apparent from the preliminary experiments, that these plants would have to be on something like the vast scale described in the American statements which have been published today.

Great Britain at this period was fully extended in war production, and we could not afford such grave interference with the current munitions program on which our warlike operations depended.

Moreover, Great Britain was in easy range of German bombers, and the risk of raiders from the sea or air could not be ignored. The United States, however, where parallel or similar progress had been made, was free from these dangers. The decision was therefore taken to build the full-scale production plants in America.

In the United States, the erection of the immense plants was placed under the responsibility of Mr. Stimson, United States Secretary of War, and the American Army administration, whose wonderful work and marvelous secrecy cannot be sufficiently admired. The main practical effort and virtually the whole of its prodigious cost now fell on the United States authorities, who were assisted by a number of British scientists. The relationship of the British and American contributions was regulated by discussion between the late President Roosevelt and myself, and a combined policy committee was set up.

The Canadian Government, whose contribution was most valuable, provided both indispensable raw material for the project as a whole, and also necessary facilities for the work on one section of the project, which has been carried out in Canada by the three Governments in partnership.

The smoothness with which the arrangements for cooperation, which were made in 1943, have been carried into effect, is a happy augury for our future relations, and reflects great credit on all concerned -- on the members of the combined policy committee which we set up, on the enthusiasm with which our scientists and technicians gave of their best, particularly Sir James Chadwick , who gave up his work at Liverpool to serve as technical adviser to the United Kingdom members of the policy committee and spared no effort , and, not the least, on the generous spirit with which the whole United States organization welcomed our men and made it possible for them to make their contribution.

By God's mercy, British and American science outpaced all German efforts. These were on a considerable scale but far behind. The possession of these powers by the Germans at any time might have altered the result of the war , and profound anxiety was felt by those who were informed.

Every effort was made by our intelligence service and by the Air Force to locate in Germany anything resembling the plants which were being created in the United States. In the winter of 1942-43 most gallant attacks were made in Norway on two occasions, by small parties of volunteers from the British Commandos and Norwegian forces at heavy loss of life, upon stores of what is called "heavy water," an element in one of the possible processes.

The second of these two attacks was completely successful.

The whole burden of execution , including the setting up of the plants and many technical processes connected therewith in the practical sphere, constitutes one of the greatest triumphs of American-or indeed human-genius of which there is record .

Moreover, the decision to make these enormous expenditures upon a project which, however hopefully established by American and British research , remained nevertheless a heart-shaking risk, stands to the everlasting honor of President Roosevelt and his advisers.

It is now for Japan to realize, in the glare of the first atomic bomb which has smitten her, what the consequence will be of an indefinite continuance of this terrible means of maintaining a rule of law in the world.

This revelation of the secrets of nature, long mercifully withheld from man, should arouse the most solemn reflections in the mind and conscience of every human being capable of comprehension. We must indeed pray that these awful agencies will be made to conduce to peace among the nations and that, instead of wreaking measureless havoc upon the entire globe, they may become a perennial foundation of world prosperity.

Below it will be apparent that, from the standpoint of Sir James Chadwick, ex-Prime Minister Churchill's official Statement (issued hours after Hiroshima, Japan, was devastated by a U.S. atomic bomb) could hardly have been more poignant.
Churchill only mentions by name five Englishmen, and them only aside from his list of the nine men who served on the MAUD Committee. Of these five plus nine, (names below in bold) only Chadwick's name is accompanied by superlatives ("especially Sir James Chadwick, who ... spared no effort") .
Chadwick could hardly have dared to dream of more complimentary phrasing to describe his contributions, these phrases issued by the man who is all-but-universally regarded as the greatest Englishman since Newton. The only other man to be singled-out to be complimented by name is President Roosevelt.

Likewise, Churchill's reference to the " profound anxiety... felt by those who were informed" of the prospect, that Hitler had the opportunity to make a Bomb which would clinch the war in his favor, must have brought tears to Chadwick's eyes, seeing that Chadwick was the first man on the planet to know that indeed Hitler had such an opportunity, this at a time in the war (1941) when Hitler's victory already seemed all too possible. This reference was, above all else, Churchill's homage to the searing burden borne by Chadwick in 1941, a burden which thereafter made Chadwick a life-long addict to sleeping pills, and which he described (decades later) thusly:

"I remember the spring of 1941 to this day. I realized then that a nuclear bomb was not only possible - it was inevitable. Sooner or later these ideas could not be peculiar to us. Everybody would think about them before long, and some country would put them to action. And I had nobody to talk to. You see, the chief people in the laboratory were Frisch and Rotblat. However high my opinion of them was, they were not citizens of this country, and the others were quite young boys. And there was nobody to talk to about it. I had many sleepless nights. But I did realize how very, very serious it could be. And I had then to start taking sleeping pills . It was the only remedy, I've never stopped since then . It's 28 years, and I don't think I've missed a single night in all those 28 years."

Awards of Outstanding International Importance to Statesmen and Heroines

Churchill's official Statement on the Bomb (incl. on Chadwick's role), August 1945

The Sir James Chadwick Nobel Prize Archive

Telephone 773-539-5751
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Rudolf Hess' idolatry of Hitler:

"The Party is Hitler; but Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler.
Hitler, Hail Victory!!
Hail Victory!! Hail Victory!!"
("Sieg Heil!! Sieg Heil!! Sieg Heil!!")

Excerpt from Churchill's speech delivered
as France was falling to Hitler, and
Britain was bracing for a Nazi invasion:

"Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves, that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour."

Likely contents of Chadwick's WWII nightmares were
this:

Aerial photos of a city, before
and after an atomic attack

Hitler in conquered
Paris, 1940

leading to more of
this:

For Chadwick, the "profound anxiety" to which Churchill refers in his 1945 Statement meant this: "... there was nobody to talk to about it. I had many sleepless nights...."

The Most Fateful Race Ever:
The Race for the Bomb

starring
the " C 's"
vs.
the " H 's"

Winston C hurchill, and his top physicist James C hadwick

vs.

Adolf H itler , and his top physicists , incl. K. Diebner and W. H eisenberg

"It is our wish and will, that this State and this Reich shall stand for a thousand years . We can consider ourselves fortunate that the future belongs to us!" -- 1934

"I remember the spring of 1941 to this day. I realized then that a nuclear bomb was not only possible - it was inevitable. Sooner or later these ideas could not be peculiar to us. Everybody would think about them before long, and some country would put them to action. And I had nobody to talk to. You see, the chief people in the laboratory were Frisch and Rotblat. However high my opinion of them was, they were not citizens of this country, and the others were quite young boys. And there was nobody to talk to about it. I had many sleepless nights. But I did realize how very, very serious it could be. And I had then to start taking sleeping pills. It was the only remedy, I've never stopped since then. It's 28 years, and I don't think I've missed a single night in all those 28 years." -- Chadwick, 1969 interview

"British Intelligence evidence - and British Intelligence at that time was much better than the American - was that the Germans were well on the way. It turned out afterwards of course they'd taken the wrong track. They'd worked with slow neutrons instead of fast neutrons."

-- Sir Mark Oliphant, one of Chadwick's subordinates, in a 1986 interview, from

http://www.abc.net.au/rn/
scienceshow/stories/2000/154394.htm

(Of course, who would have been more likely to correctly assess that fast, rather than slow, neutrons would be the ones to use? Why, Jimmy Neutron himself!)

"... the sufferings and havoc of the present war have branded into our minds the merciless nature of war and have made us long for peace as never before."

-- Chadwick

Comprised of Chadwick's gold Nobel Prize medal and exquisite diploma, the Nobel Foundation presentation book and the Chadwick portrait photo; the accompanying archive of related books and research dossiers; and the accompanying group of other Nobel Prize objects made by the Royal Swedish Mint, etc.; the Chadwick Nobel Prize Archive constitutes a ready-made museum exhibit.

One of the greatest heroes of the WWII Allies' race* to beat Hitler to invention of the A-bomb

* Were this race to have been closer than it turned out to be (e.g. had the Allies barely beaten Hitler to the Bomb), the Chadwick Nobel Prize Archive would be, not monumentally important, but gargantuanly important. As it was, (unbeknownst to the Allies until near the war's end) Hitler had, incredibly, not prioritized the invention of such a Bomb, largely because of his paranoia vs. Einstein's "Jew physics."

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40 page booklet,
published 1942.